電(dian)機軟啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)成了(le)電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)控制的(de)理(li)想產品，運(yun)行(xing)(xing)方式都是晶閘管(guan)在(zai)線運(yun)行(xing)(xing)，造價(jia)和功耗都非常高昂(ang)，技術(shu)經濟(ji)(ji)造價(jia)比(bi)嚴重失衡，所以(yi)用(yong)戶很難接(jie)受(shou)(shou)，應用(yong)寥(liao)寥(liao)無幾(ji)。但由于旁路運(yun)行(xing)(xing)軟啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)的(de)替代性(xing)，使得軟起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統的(de)造價(jia)大大降低，技術(shu)經濟(ji)(ji)造價(jia)比(bi)優(you)與其它起(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)方式比(bi)較優(you)越(yue)，達到了(le)用(yong)戶容易接(jie)受(shou)(shou)的(de)程度，同時本人到各大設計院和工礦企業去(qu)進行(xing)(xing)技術(shu)講座，使得軟啟(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)在(zai)工程應用(yong)中(zhong)得到了(le)普(pu)及(ji)。

1晶閘管在線(xian)運行軟(ruan)啟動柜

   可控(kong)硅在(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜（簡稱(cheng)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機控(kong)制器），顧名思義是(shi)指軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜的(de)主開關(guan)元件晶閘管長(chang)期在(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)，它不僅(jin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)起動(dong)(dong)(dong)和停車過程(cheng)中(zhong)能控(kong)制電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓升降(jiang)，還(huan)要在(zai)(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機正常(chang)常(chang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)時(shi)供(gong)給其全電(dian)(dian)壓。它的(de)優點(dian)(dian)是(shi)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)簡單，控(kong)制靈活，對(dui)于電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機能夠起到強(qiang)大的(de)保護作用。它的(de)缺點(dian)(dian)是(shi)晶閘管在(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)，造成軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜本(ben)身功(gong)(gong)耗極大，為(wei)了解決其功(gong)(gong)耗所發(fa)生的(de)熱(re)量，軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜本(ben)體設計體積很大，同時(shi)還(huan)需要機械風冷。如果一個配電(dian)(dian)室(shi)內，有十臺200kw的(de)電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜，第一，光(guang)這(zhe)10臺軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜就需要10面(mian)開關(guan)柜，占地面(mian)積增加很多，而它們(men)的(de)發(fa)熱(re)功(gong)(gong)率將(jiang)達(da)到15kw左右(you)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)這(zhe)種(zhong)情況下不論是(shi)冬季(ji)還(huan)是(shi)夏(xia)季(ji)，此(ci)室(shi)內溫度(du)都會超標，配電(dian)(dian)系(xi)統(tong)難以(yi)正常(chang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)。所以(yi)人們(men)在(zai)(zai)(zai)使用晶閘管在(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜時(shi)還(huan)是(shi)要加上旁(pang)路(lu)接觸(chu)器，由(you)接觸(chu)器供(gong)給電(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機全電(dian)(dian)壓運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)。加上旁(pang)路(lu)接觸(chu)器雖然解決了功(gong)(gong)耗問題，但是(shi)對(dui)于成套體積有增無減(jian)。所以(yi)此(ci)系(xi)統(tong)造價非常(chang)高(gao)(gao)。另外，晶閘管在(zai)(zai)(zai)線(xian)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)(xing)給電(dian)(dian)網帶來高(gao)(gao)次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)污染，給電(dian)(dian)網的(de)諧波(bo)(bo)治理(li)帶來難度(du)。

2旁路型軟啟動柜

   晶閘(zha)管在(zai)(zai)線運行軟啟動柜，為了(le)解決其(qi)大量(liang)功耗(hao)和熱(re)量(liang)問(wen)題(ti)，給產品制造帶來(lai)很大的(de)難(nan)度，尤其(qi)晶閘(zha)管的(de)散熱(re)器(qi)要求體積足夠大，還要機械通風。由此而帶來(lai)技術難(nan)度和材料(liao)成本上升，都(dou)是成倍增加。而在(zai)(zai)使用時為了(le)回避其(qi)散熱(re)和功耗(hao)問(wen)題(ti)，筆者(zhe)在(zai)(zai)1998年直接(jie)開發(fa)了(le)旁路型軟啟動柜。

   由于晶(jing)閘(zha)管只是在(zai)起(qi)動過(guo)程(cheng)中短時工(gong)作(zuo)幾秒到幾十秒，所以晶(jing)閘(zha)管的(de)(de)(de)散熱量很小(xiao)，故而軟(ruan)(ruan)啟動柜(ju)本體(ti)不(bu)(bu)需(xu)要太大(da)散熱器(qi)，僅需(xu)在(zai)線(xian)型(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟動柜(ju)的(de)(de)(de)1/10即可，體(ti)積比(bi)在(zai)線(xian)型(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟動柜(ju)小(xiao)了(le)(le)幾倍，也不(bu)(bu)需(xu)要機械風冷。這種做(zuo)法要比(bi)上種做(zuo)法優越的(de)(de)(de)多，使(shi)得工(gong)程(cheng)設計更合理。所以目前的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)應(ying)用中多數采用了(le)(le)旁路型(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟動柜(ju)。而任何事物都不(bu)(bu)是完美地，旁路運行的(de)(de)(de)缺點是起(qi)動裝(zhuang)置不(bu)(bu)能一(yi)體(ti)化，電路復雜，強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)軟(ruan)(ruan)起(qi)動智能控制器(qi)不(bu)(bu)能全部發揮其應(ying)有的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用，對于維護與檢修(xiu)也帶來(lai)了(le)(le)不(bu)(bu)便。

3內(nei)置(zhi)旁路型軟啟(qi)動柜

   內(nei)置(zhi)旁(pang)路型(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)柜（簡(jian)稱電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)控(kong)制器(qi)），顧(gu)名思義(yi)是(shi)(shi)在(zai)旁(pang)路型(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)柜內(nei)部加裝一(yi)(yi)套與(yu)晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)并聯的接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)，在(zai)電(dian)機(ji)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程和(he)軟(ruan)(ruan)停(ting)(ting)車過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程中由(you)晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)運行(xing)，機(ji)械(xie)觸(chu)頭(tou)(tou)斷開，當電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)正常(chang)運行(xing)時晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)關閉(bi)，機(ji)械(xie)觸(chu)頭(tou)(tou)閉(bi)合(he)。這套動(dong)作過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)程是(shi)(shi)通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)內(nei)部控(kong)制器(qi)自(zi)動(dong)完成(cheng)的，對外(wai)部接(jie)(jie)線(xian)來(lai)(lai)講是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個裝置(zhi)，所(suo)以(yi)稱做在(zai)線(xian)運行(xing)。它又可稱作旁(pang)路型(xing)(xing)的軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)器(qi)將(jiang)外(wai)邊的接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)移到了(le)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)器(qi)里邊集成(cheng)為一(yi)(yi)體(ti)并能(neng)保證體(ti)積不(bu)增加。它的優(you)點是(shi)(shi)具備上述兩種類型(xing)(xing)的所(suo)有(you)優(you)點同時回(hui)避了(le)它們各自(zi)的缺點：一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)電(dian)路簡(jian)單；二是(shi)(shi)自(zi)然風冷；三是(shi)(shi)晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)只負責啟(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)和(he)停(ting)(ting)車，回(hui)避了(le)晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)在(zai)線(xian)運行(xing)所(suo)帶來(lai)(lai)的功(gong)耗與(yu)散熱；四是(shi)(shi)強(qiang)大(da)的智(zhi)能(neng)控(kong)制器(qi)的作用得(de)以(yi)全面發(fa)揮，能(neng)對電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)起(qi)到起(qi)停(ting)(ting)、保護及其控(kong)制；五是(shi)(shi)節省成(cheng)套空間；六是(shi)(shi)由(you)于晶(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)和(he)機(ji)械(xie)觸(chu)頭(tou)(tou)組合(he)一(yi)(yi)體(ti)的設(she)計，通過(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)智(zhi)能(neng)控(kong)制器(qi)實現了(le)機(ji)械(xie)觸(chu)頭(tou)(tou)無(wu)電(dian)弧，使得(de)機(ji)械(xie)觸(chu)頭(tou)(tou)的電(dian)壽命(ming)等于機(ji)械(xie)壽命(ming)，解決了(le)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)長期以(yi)來(lai)(lai)難以(yi)解決的問題，與(yu)旁(pang)路型(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)柜相比大(da)大(da)提高(gao)了(le)接(jie)(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)的可靠性。

   它正好(hao)保(bao)留(liu)了在線(xian)運(yun)行軟啟動柜和(he)旁路運(yun)行軟啟動柜的(de)(de)優(you)點(dian)，還回避上述兩種的(de)(de)缺(que)點(dian)，是目(mu)前軟啟動柜國際領先的(de)(de)技術。

4軟啟動柜類(lei)型的比較

   目前(qian)市場上(shang)流(liu)行的(de)三種類型(xing)(xing)軟啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)柜：在(zai)線(xian)型(xing)(xing)、旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)、內(nei)置旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)。在(zai)線(xian)型(xing)(xing)軟啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)柜基本上(shang)是(shi)國外品(pin)牌，市場上(shang)的(de)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)份(fen)額大約(yue)占到(dao)了(le)1/4,都是(shi)些形象工程和無知工程，大約(yue)有(you)1/2以上(shang)的(de)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)軟啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)柜。從2003年內(nei)置旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)面世后(hou)，開始(shi)普及內(nei)置旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)軟啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)柜。通過上(shang)述的(de)介(jie)紹內(nei)置旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)軟啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)柜的(de)技術先進性，讀者已有(you)了(le)一(yi)個理性的(de)認識，下面筆者用(yong)(yong)數據比較來達(da)到(dao)量(liang)化(hua)分析(xi)，如附表(biao)所示(shi)。附表(biao)中的(de)造(zao)價是(shi)指(zhi)廠家的(de)公開報價，用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)的(de)采(cai)購價一(yi)般(ban)都低于此(ci)價格(ge)。

   旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)優于在(zai)線型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)，而內(nei)置旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)優于旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)和在(zai)線型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)。但價(jia)格(ge)卻是(shi)越先(xian)進，成本(ben)越低，這是(shi)高科(ke)技(ji)的(de)一般規律。從品牌來比(bi)較，在(zai)線型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)1.5倍，旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)是(shi)內(nei)置旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)1.4倍（不算接觸器(qi)的(de)價(jia)格(ge)）。而能耗比(bi)較，在(zai)線型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)10倍左(zuo)右，而旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)是(shi)內(nei)置旁(pang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)7倍左(zuo)右。

   全(quan)國大約有3億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)多(duo)kw的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)在(zai)運(yun)行，需(xu)要(yao)用(yong)(yong)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)的(de)按40%來估計，約有1.2億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)多(duo)kw電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)用(yong)(yong)軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)。從(cong)投資上(shang)來講(jiang)，用(yong)(yong)在(zai)線(xian)型軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)需(xu)要(yao)252多(duo)億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)元，如果(guo)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)旁(pang)(pang)(pang)(pang)路(lu)型軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)需(xu)要(yao)需(xu)要(yao)160多(duo)億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)元，而如果(guo)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)內置旁(pang)(pang)(pang)(pang)路(lu)型軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)需(xu)要(yao)100多(duo)億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)元。從(cong)能耗總量(liang)(liang)(liang)方面講(jiang)，全(quan)部(bu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)線(xian)型型軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)，年(nian)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)為63億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kwh,相當于一(yi)(yi)(yi)座80萬kw的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。全(quan)部(bu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)旁(pang)(pang)(pang)(pang)路(lu)型軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)年(nian)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)為6.3億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kwh,相當于一(yi)(yi)(yi)臺8萬kw的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。全(quan)部(bu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)內置旁(pang)(pang)(pang)(pang)路(lu)型軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)，年(nian)耗電(dian)(dian)(dian)總量(liang)(liang)(liang)為8千(qian)萬kwh.相當于一(yi)(yi)(yi)臺8000kw的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)發(fa)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)(liang)(liang)。全(quan)部(bu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)旁(pang)(pang)(pang)(pang)路(lu)型軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)比全(quan)部(bu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)在(zai)線(xian)型軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)能節(jie)省(sheng)56億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kwh的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能。如果(guo)全(quan)部(bu)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)內置旁(pang)(pang)(pang)(pang)路(lu)型軟(ruan)(ruan)啟(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)柜(ju)(ju)則(ze)比全(quan)部(bu)旁(pang)(pang)(pang)(pang)路(lu)型軟(ruan)(ruan)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)器一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)可(ke)節(jie)省(sheng)5.5億(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)kwh電(dian)(dian)(dian)能。

   3結束語

   通過上述分析不(bu)難(nan)看出，在線型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)應(ying)該(gai)被(bei)旁路型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)所(suo)淘汰，而(er)(er)旁路型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)又(you)應(ying)該(gai)被(bei)內置旁路型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)所(suo)淘汰。但實(shi)際(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)應(ying)用中有些形(xing)象工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)追求(qiu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)牌(pai)，或追求(qiu)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)可靠性，明知采用在線型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)是(shi)不(bu)合理(li)(li)的(de)，而(er)(er)進(jin)口品(pin)牌(pai)又(you)沒(mei)有旁路型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)，在萬般無奈時也(ye)選擇了(le)進(jin)口在線型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)，不(bu)過大多數選擇進(jin)口在線型(xing)(xing)(xing)軟(ruan)啟(qi)動(dong)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)是(shi)由于不(bu)了(le)解細理(li)(li)。